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0:00Before there was Nigeria, before the
0:02Before there was Nigeria, before the flag, before the borders, before the
0:04flag, before the borders, before the
0:04flag, before the borders, before the name itself, what did people call this
0:07name itself, what did people call this
0:07name itself, what did people call this land? Was it one great empire with a
0:09land? Was it one great empire with a
0:09land? Was it one great empire with a single name? A collection of kingdoms?
0:12single name? A collection of kingdoms?
0:12single name? A collection of kingdoms? >> [music]
0:12>> [music]
0:12>> [music] >> Or something else entirely? Today, we're
0:15>> Or something else entirely? Today, we're
0:15>> Or something else entirely? Today, we're going back in time. Before the British
0:17going back in time. Before the British
0:17going back in time. Before the British arrived, before the ships, before the
0:19arrived, before the ships, before the
0:19arrived, before the ships, before the scramble, to discover what this place
0:22scramble, to discover what this place
0:22scramble, to discover what this place [music] actually was. Here's the truth
0:24[music] actually was. Here's the truth
0:24[music] actually was. Here's the truth that surprises a lot of people. There
0:26that surprises a lot of people. There
0:27that surprises a lot of people. There was no single name for Nigeria [music]
0:28was no single name for Nigeria [music]
0:28was no single name for Nigeria [music] before colonialism, because Nigeria as a
0:31before colonialism, because Nigeria as a
0:32before colonialism, because Nigeria as a country did not exist.
0:33country did not exist.
0:33country did not exist. >> [music]
0:33>> [music] >> The name Nigeria was invented in the
0:35>> The name Nigeria was invented in the
0:35>> The name Nigeria was invented in the 1890s by a British journalist named
0:371890s by a British journalist named
0:371890s by a British journalist named Flora Shaw. [music]
0:38Flora Shaw. [music]
0:38Flora Shaw. [music] She was writing for The Times newspaper
0:40She was writing for The Times newspaper
0:40She was writing for The Times newspaper in London, and she suggested the name
0:42in London, and she suggested the name
0:42in London, and she suggested the name because of the Niger River, which
0:44because of the Niger River, which
0:44because of the Niger River, which Europeans had already named from the
0:46Europeans had already named from the
0:46Europeans had already named from the Latin word for black.
0:48Latin word for black.
0:48Latin word for black. In 1914, her future husband, Lord
0:51In 1914, her future husband, Lord
0:51In 1914, her future husband, Lord Frederick Lugard, officially united the
0:54Frederick Lugard, officially united the
0:54Frederick Lugard, officially united the northern and southern protectorates into
0:56northern and southern protectorates into
0:56northern and southern protectorates into one colony. And just like that, Nigeria
0:58one colony. And just like that, Nigeria
0:58one colony. And just like that, Nigeria was born on paper. But the people living
1:01was born on paper. But the people living
1:01was born on paper. But the people living here, they didn't call it that. They
1:03here, they didn't call it that. They
1:03here, they didn't call it that. They didn't think of themselves as one
1:04didn't think of themselves as one
1:04didn't think of themselves as one nation. They were Yoruba, Igbo, [music]
1:07nation. They were Yoruba, Igbo, [music]
1:07nation. They were Yoruba, Igbo, [music] Hausa, Edo, Kanuri, Fulani, Ijaw, Tiv,
1:12Hausa, Edo, Kanuri, Fulani, Ijaw, Tiv,
1:12Hausa, Edo, Kanuri, Fulani, Ijaw, Tiv, Nupe, hundreds of ethnic groups, [music]
1:14Nupe, hundreds of ethnic groups, [music]
1:14Nupe, hundreds of ethnic groups, [music] each with their own kingdoms, languages,
1:17each with their own kingdoms, languages,
1:17each with their own kingdoms, languages, and names for their homelands. So, if
1:19and names for their homelands. So, if
1:19and names for their homelands. So, if you're looking for one pre-colonial name
1:21you're looking for one pre-colonial name
1:21you're looking for one pre-colonial name for Nigeria, [music] you won't find one.
1:23for Nigeria, [music] you won't find one.
1:23for Nigeria, [music] you won't find one. But what you will find is far more
1:24But what you will find is far more
1:24But what you will find is far more fascinating. Let's start in the
1:27fascinating. Let's start in the
1:27fascinating. Let's start in the southwest, the land of the Yoruba
1:29southwest, the land of the Yoruba
1:29southwest, the land of the Yoruba people. Long before any European set
1:32people. Long before any European set
1:32people. Long before any European set foot here, this was the home of some of
1:34foot here, this was the home of some of
1:34foot here, this was the home of some of the most sophisticated city-states in
1:36the most sophisticated city-states in
1:36the most sophisticated city-states in African history.
1:38African history.
1:38African history. Ife, often called the cradle of Yoruba
1:40Ife, often called the cradle of Yoruba
1:40Ife, often called the cradle of Yoruba civilization, was already a thriving
1:42civilization, was already a thriving
1:42civilization, was already a thriving [music] center of art and spirituality
1:44[music] center of art and spirituality
1:44[music] center of art and spirituality by the 11th century. The Ife bronzes are
1:47by the 11th century. The Ife bronzes are
1:47by the 11th century. The Ife bronzes are so technically advanced that when the
1:49so technically advanced that when the
1:49so technically advanced that when the first European saw them, they refused to
1:51first European saw them, they refused to
1:51first European saw them, they refused to believe Africans made them. Then there
1:53believe Africans made them. Then there
1:53believe Africans made them. Then there was Oyo, a massive empire [music] that
1:56was Oyo, a massive empire [music] that
1:56was Oyo, a massive empire [music] that dominated the region from the 14th to
1:58dominated the region from the 14th to
1:58dominated the region from the 14th to the 19th century.
2:00the 19th century.
2:00the 19th century. At its peak, Oyo controlled vast
2:02At its peak, Oyo controlled vast
2:02At its peak, Oyo controlled vast territories, had a professional cavalry,
2:04territories, had a professional cavalry,
2:04territories, had a professional cavalry, and traded across [music] the Sahara.
2:06and traded across [music] the Sahara.
2:06and traded across [music] the Sahara. Other powerful Yoruba states included
2:08Other powerful Yoruba states included
2:08Other powerful Yoruba states included Ijesha, Egba, Ibadan, and Ekiti.
2:12Ijesha, Egba, Ibadan, and Ekiti.
2:12Ijesha, Egba, Ibadan, and Ekiti. Each was independent. Each had its own
2:14Each was independent. Each had its own
2:14Each was independent. Each had its own Oba, its king. And while they shared
2:17Oba, its king. And while they shared
2:17Oba, its king. And while they shared language, culture, and the belief that
2:19language, culture, and the belief that
2:19language, culture, and the belief that they descended from the same ancestors,
2:21they descended from the same ancestors,
2:21they descended from the same ancestors, they did not see themselves as one
2:23they did not see themselves as one
2:23they did not see themselves as one political unit. To the Yoruba, this land
2:26political unit. To the Yoruba, this land
2:26political unit. To the Yoruba, this land was simply Ile-Ife, the sacred homeland,
2:29was simply Ile-Ife, the sacred homeland,
2:29was simply Ile-Ife, the sacred homeland, or the domain of their specific kingdom.
2:31or the domain of their specific kingdom.
2:31or the domain of their specific kingdom. [music]
2:32[music]
2:32[music] Not Nigeria, never Nigeria.
2:34Not Nigeria, never Nigeria.
2:34Not Nigeria, never Nigeria. Now move east to Igboland.
2:37Now move east to Igboland.
2:37Now move east to Igboland. Here, the story is completely different.
2:40Here, the story is completely different.
2:40Here, the story is completely different. The Igbo did not have emperors. They did
2:42The Igbo did not have emperors. They did
2:42The Igbo did not have emperors. They did not have massive standing armies or a
2:44not have massive standing armies or a
2:44not have massive standing armies or a single capital city.
2:46single capital city.
2:46single capital city. >> [music]
2:46>> [music] >> Instead, they organized themselves into
2:48>> Instead, they organized themselves into
2:48>> Instead, they organized themselves into decentralized communities,
2:50decentralized communities,
2:50decentralized communities, villages and clans governed by councils
2:52villages and clans governed by councils
2:52villages and clans governed by councils of elders, title holders, [music]
2:54of elders, title holders, [music]
2:54of elders, title holders, [music] and age-grade systems.
2:56and age-grade systems.
2:56and age-grade systems. This doesn't mean they weren't powerful.
2:58This doesn't mean they weren't powerful.
2:58This doesn't mean they weren't powerful. >> [music]
2:59>> [music] >> The archaeological site of Igbo-Ukwu
3:01>> The archaeological site of Igbo-Ukwu
3:01>> The archaeological site of Igbo-Ukwu revealed stunning bronze and copper
3:03revealed stunning bronze and copper
3:03revealed stunning bronze and copper artifacts [music] from the 9th and 10th
3:05artifacts [music] from the 9th and 10th
3:05artifacts [music] from the 9th and 10th centuries,
3:06centuries,
3:06centuries, showing advanced metalworking and
3:08showing advanced metalworking and
3:08showing advanced metalworking and long-distance trade [music] centuries
3:09long-distance trade [music] centuries
3:09long-distance trade [music] centuries before European contact. But there was
3:12before European contact. But there was
3:12before European contact. But there was no single Igbo state name that covered
3:14no single Igbo state name that covered
3:14no single Igbo state name that covered the entire region. People identified
3:16the entire region. People identified
3:16the entire region. People identified [music] with their village, Obodo,
3:19[music] with their village, Obodo,
3:19[music] with their village, Obodo, their clan, or their lineage.
3:21their clan, or their lineage.
3:21their clan, or their lineage. Unity came through shared culture,
3:23Unity came through shared culture,
3:23Unity came through shared culture, religion, [music] and the famous Igbo
3:25religion, [music] and the famous Igbo
3:25religion, [music] and the famous Igbo egalitarian spirit, not through a
3:28egalitarian spirit, not through a
3:28egalitarian spirit, not through a central government. So when someone
3:30central government. So when someone
3:30central government. So when someone asks,
3:31asks,
3:31asks, "What did the Igbo call Nigeria?"
3:33"What did the Igbo call Nigeria?"
3:33"What did the Igbo call Nigeria?" >> [music]
3:33>> [music] >> the answer is
3:34>> the answer is
3:34>> the answer is they didn't.
3:36they didn't.
3:36they didn't. They called their village home.
3:37They called their village home.
3:37They called their village home. Now we head north, where some of the
3:40Now we head north, where some of the
3:40Now we head north, where some of the most [music] powerful and long-lasting
3:41most [music] powerful and long-lasting
3:41most [music] powerful and long-lasting states in African history were built.
3:44states in African history were built.
3:44states in African history were built. First, the House of Bakwai,
3:45First, the House of Bakwai,
3:45First, the House of Bakwai, >> [music]
3:46>> [music] >> the seven true Hausa states.
3:48>> the seven true Hausa states.
3:48>> the seven true Hausa states. These were Daura, Kano, Zazzau,
3:51These were Daura, Kano, Zazzau,
3:51These were Daura, Kano, Zazzau, that's Zaria, Gobir, Katsina, Rano, and
3:55that's Zaria, Gobir, Katsina, Rano, and
3:55that's Zaria, Gobir, Katsina, Rano, and Birom.
3:56Birom.
3:56Birom. Each was a walled city-state with its
3:58Each was a walled city-state with its
3:58Each was a walled city-state with its own Sarki, its king.
4:01own Sarki, its king.
4:01own Sarki, its king. They were centers of trade, learning,
4:03They were centers of trade, learning,
4:03They were centers of trade, learning, and Islamic [music] scholarship.
4:05and Islamic [music] scholarship.
4:05and Islamic [music] scholarship. Kano in particular became one of the
4:07Kano in particular became one of the
4:07Kano in particular became one of the greatest commercial cities in Africa.
4:09greatest commercial cities in Africa.
4:09greatest commercial cities in Africa. But they weren't unified. They competed.
4:12But they weren't unified. They competed.
4:12But they weren't unified. They competed. They fought. They made alliances.
4:14They fought. They made alliances.
4:14They fought. They made alliances. >> [music]
4:14>> [music] >> They were individual powers on the
4:16>> They were individual powers on the
4:16>> They were individual powers on the Sahelian landscape. Then there was the
4:18Sahelian landscape. Then there was the
4:18Sahelian landscape. Then there was the Kanem-Bornu Empire, one of the
4:21Kanem-Bornu Empire, one of the
4:21Kanem-Bornu Empire, one of the longest-lasting empires in world
4:22longest-lasting empires in world
4:22longest-lasting empires in world history, spanning over a thousand years.
4:25history, spanning over a thousand years.
4:25history, spanning over a thousand years. At its height, it stretched from
4:26At its height, it stretched from
4:26At its height, it stretched from modern-day Chad deep into northern
4:28modern-day Chad deep into northern
4:28modern-day Chad deep into northern Nigeria. The Kanuri people who built
4:31Nigeria. The Kanuri people who built
4:31Nigeria. The Kanuri people who built this empire called their domain by
4:32this empire called their domain by
4:32this empire called their domain by various names through the centuries.
4:34various names through the centuries.
4:35various names through the centuries. Kanem, then Bornu, [music] then the
4:37Kanem, then Bornu, [music] then the
4:37Kanem, then Bornu, [music] then the Bornu Empire.
4:38Bornu Empire.
4:38Bornu Empire. It was a real state with armies,
4:40It was a real state with armies,
4:40It was a real state with armies, diplomats, and a system of government
4:42diplomats, and a system of government
4:42diplomats, and a system of government that outlasted many European kingdoms.
4:44that outlasted many European kingdoms.
4:44that outlasted many European kingdoms. And again, you won, they didn't call
4:46And again, you won, they didn't call
4:46And again, you won, they didn't call this land Nigeria.
4:47this land Nigeria.
4:47this land Nigeria. >> [music]
4:47>> [music] >> They called it Bornu or Kano or Dara,
4:51>> They called it Bornu or Kano or Dara,
4:51>> They called it Bornu or Kano or Dara, their home.
4:52their home.
4:52their home. We can't forget the Middle Belt and the
4:54We can't forget the Middle Belt and the
4:54We can't forget the Middle Belt and the Niger Delta,
4:56Niger Delta,
4:56Niger Delta, regions just as rich in history but
4:57regions just as rich in history but
4:57regions just as rich in history but often overlooked.
4:59often overlooked.
4:59often overlooked. In the south-central area, the Benin
5:01In the south-central area, the Benin
5:01In the south-central area, the Benin Kingdom, built by the Edo people,
5:03Kingdom, built by the Edo people,
5:03Kingdom, built by the Edo people, [music]
5:03[music] was one of the most organized states in
5:06was one of the most organized states in
5:06was one of the most organized states in pre-colonial Africa.
5:07pre-colonial Africa.
5:07pre-colonial Africa. Benin City was a marvel. The walls and
5:10Benin City was a marvel. The walls and
5:10Benin City was a marvel. The walls and moats were so extensive [music] that a
5:12moats were so extensive [music] that a
5:12moats were so extensive [music] that a 1974 Guinness World Records entry called
5:151974 Guinness World Records entry called
5:151974 Guinness World Records entry called them the largest earthworks in the
5:16them the largest earthworks in the
5:16them the largest earthworks in the world.
5:17world.
5:17world. The Oba of Benin ruled a sophisticated
5:20The Oba of Benin ruled a sophisticated
5:20The Oba of Benin ruled a sophisticated bureaucracy, and Benin artists created
5:22bureaucracy, and Benin artists created
5:22bureaucracy, and Benin artists created bronze masterpieces that are now among
5:24bronze masterpieces that are now among
5:24bronze masterpieces that are now among the most controversial artifacts in
5:26the most controversial artifacts in
5:26the most controversial artifacts in Western museums. To the Edo, this was
5:29Western museums. To the Edo, this was
5:29Western museums. To the Edo, this was the Oguiso or Benin Kingdom.
5:31the Oguiso or Benin Kingdom.
5:31the Oguiso or Benin Kingdom. Never Nigeria. Further south in the maze
5:34Never Nigeria. Further south in the maze
5:34Never Nigeria. Further south in the maze of rivers and mangroves, the Ijaw,
5:37of rivers and mangroves, the Ijaw,
5:37of rivers and mangroves, the Ijaw, Urhobo, Itsekiri, and other Delta
5:40Urhobo, Itsekiri, and other Delta
5:40Urhobo, Itsekiri, and other Delta peoples built trading societies and
5:42peoples built trading societies and
5:42peoples built trading societies and city-states.
5:43city-states.
5:43city-states. They were connected to the Atlantic
5:44They were connected to the Atlantic
5:44They were connected to the Atlantic trade long before the British arrived.
5:47trade long before the British arrived.
5:47trade long before the British arrived. And in the central highlands, the Tiv,
5:49And in the central highlands, the Tiv,
5:49And in the central highlands, the Tiv, Nupe, [music] Jukun, and dozens of other
5:51Nupe, [music] Jukun, and dozens of other
5:51Nupe, [music] Jukun, and dozens of other groups maintained their own societies.
5:54groups maintained their own societies.
5:54groups maintained their own societies. Some centralized,
5:55Some centralized,
5:55Some centralized, >> [music]
5:55>> [music] >> some decentralized, all distinct.
5:58>> some decentralized, all distinct.
5:58>> some decentralized, all distinct. There's one more major state we need to
6:00There's one more major state we need to
6:00There's one more major state we need to talk about. And it existed right [music]
6:02talk about. And it existed right [music]
6:02talk about. And it existed right [music] up to the moment the British arrived.
6:04up to the moment the British arrived.
6:04up to the moment the British arrived. In the early 1800s, a Fulani Islamic
6:07In the early 1800s, a Fulani Islamic
6:07In the early 1800s, a Fulani Islamic scholar named Usman dan Fodio
6:09scholar named Usman dan Fodio
6:09scholar named Usman dan Fodio >> [music]
6:09>> [music] >> launched a jihad that transformed the
6:11>> launched a jihad that transformed the
6:11>> launched a jihad that transformed the political map of northern Nigeria. By
6:13political map of northern Nigeria. By
6:13political map of northern Nigeria. By the time the dust settled, he had
6:15the time the dust settled, he had
6:15the time the dust settled, he had created the Sokoto Caliphate, the
6:17created the Sokoto Caliphate, the
6:17created the Sokoto Caliphate, the largest empire in West African history.
6:20largest empire in West African history.
6:20largest empire in West African history. It covered most of northern Nigeria and
6:22It covered most of northern Nigeria and
6:22It covered most of northern Nigeria and parts of neighboring countries. [music]
6:24parts of neighboring countries. [music]
6:24parts of neighboring countries. [music] It had a capital at Sokoto, a system of
6:27It had a capital at Sokoto, a system of
6:27It had a capital at Sokoto, a system of emirates, and a thriving intellectual
6:29emirates, and a thriving intellectual
6:29emirates, and a thriving intellectual culture.
6:30culture.
6:30culture. >> [music]
6:30>> [music] >> For the people living under the
6:31>> For the people living under the
6:31>> For the people living under the caliphate, this was Bilad as-Sudan, the
6:34caliphate, this was Bilad as-Sudan, the
6:35caliphate, this was Bilad as-Sudan, the land of the blacks,
6:36land of the blacks,
6:36land of the blacks, a term used by Arab geographers for
6:39a term used by Arab geographers for
6:39a term used by Arab geographers for sub-Saharan Africa.
6:40sub-Saharan Africa.
6:40sub-Saharan Africa. >> [music]
6:41>> [music] >> Or more specifically, they called it the
6:43>> Or more specifically, they called it the
6:43>> Or more specifically, they called it the Sokoto Caliphate, or simply their
6:46Sokoto Caliphate, or simply their
6:46Sokoto Caliphate, or simply their emirate, the Kano emirate, the Zaria
6:48emirate, the Kano emirate, the Zaria
6:48emirate, the Kano emirate, the Zaria emirate, and so on.
6:50emirate, and so on.
6:50emirate, and so on. The caliphate was still standing when
6:52The caliphate was still standing when
6:52The caliphate was still standing when the British began their conquest in the
6:54the British began their conquest in the
6:54the British began their conquest in the early [music] 1900s. In fact, the fall
6:57early [music] 1900s. In fact, the fall
6:57early [music] 1900s. In fact, the fall of the Sokoto Caliphate in 1903 was one
7:00of the Sokoto Caliphate in 1903 was one
7:00of the Sokoto Caliphate in 1903 was one [music] of the last major acts of
7:01[music] of the last major acts of
7:01[music] of the last major acts of pre-colonial Nigerian history.
7:04pre-colonial Nigerian history.
7:04pre-colonial Nigerian history. So, why does any of this matter? Because
7:06So, why does any of this matter? Because
7:06So, why does any of this matter? Because understanding that Nigeria had no single
7:08understanding that Nigeria had no single
7:08understanding that Nigeria had no single pre-colonial name helps us understand
7:10pre-colonial name helps us understand
7:10pre-colonial name helps us understand Nigeria today.
7:12Nigeria today.
7:12Nigeria today. Nigeria isn't a natural country in the
7:14Nigeria isn't a natural country in the
7:14Nigeria isn't a natural country in the geographic [music] sense. It's an
7:16geographic [music] sense. It's an
7:16geographic [music] sense. It's an artificial creation, a British drawing
7:18artificial creation, a British drawing
7:18artificial creation, a British drawing of lines on a map.
7:20of lines on a map.
7:20of lines on a map. Those lines threw together hundreds of
7:22Those lines threw together hundreds of
7:22Those lines threw together hundreds of ethnic groups with different languages,
7:24ethnic groups with different languages,
7:24ethnic groups with different languages, religions, and histories.
7:26religions, and histories.
7:26religions, and histories. The Yoruba had never been governed from
7:28The Yoruba had never been governed from
7:28The Yoruba had never been governed from the same capital as the Hausa. The Igbo
7:30the same capital as the Hausa. The Igbo
7:30the same capital as the Hausa. The Igbo had no tradition of centralized rule
7:32had no tradition of centralized rule
7:32had no tradition of centralized rule that matched the [music] Sokoto
7:33that matched the [music] Sokoto
7:33that matched the [music] Sokoto Caliphate. The Edo kingdom had its own
7:36Caliphate. The Edo kingdom had its own
7:36Caliphate. The Edo kingdom had its own thousand-year history, completely
7:38thousand-year history, completely
7:38thousand-year history, completely separate from the Kanem-Bornu Empire.
7:39separate from the Kanem-Bornu Empire.
7:40separate from the Kanem-Bornu Empire. 90% yet here they all are, in one
7:4290% yet here they all are, in one
7:4290% yet here they all are, in one country for better or worse. The
7:44country for better or worse. The
7:44country for better or worse. The question, what was Nigeria called before
7:47question, what was Nigeria called before
7:47question, what was Nigeria called before colonialism, assumes there was a
7:49colonialism, assumes there was a
7:49colonialism, assumes there was a Nigeria. There wasn't. But there was
7:52Nigeria. There wasn't. But there was
7:52Nigeria. There wasn't. But there was Oyo, there was Benin, there was Kano,
7:55Oyo, there was Benin, there was Kano,
7:55Oyo, there was Benin, there was Kano, >> [music]
7:55>> [music] >> there was Bornu, there was Ife. There
7:58>> there was Bornu, there was Ife. There
7:58>> there was Bornu, there was Ife. There were hundreds of names, hundreds of
8:00were hundreds of names, hundreds of
8:00were hundreds of names, hundreds of stories, hundreds of [music] nations.
8:02stories, hundreds of [music] nations.
8:02stories, hundreds of [music] nations. And maybe, just maybe, recognizing that
8:05And maybe, just maybe, recognizing that
8:05And maybe, just maybe, recognizing that complexity is the first step toward
8:07complexity is the first step toward
8:07complexity is the first step toward understanding how to build something
8:09understanding how to build something
8:09understanding how to build something real from something drawn in London. So
8:11real from something drawn in London. So
8:11real from something drawn in London. So what do you think? Should Nigeria have
8:14what do you think? Should Nigeria have
8:14what do you think? Should Nigeria have kept one [music] of these pre-colonial
8:15kept one [music] of these pre-colonial
8:15kept one [music] of these pre-colonial names? Or is Nigeria here to stay
8:18names? Or is Nigeria here to stay
8:18names? Or is Nigeria here to stay regardless of its colonial origins?
8:21regardless of its colonial origins?
8:21regardless of its colonial origins? Drop your thoughts in the comments
8:22Drop your thoughts in the comments
8:22Drop your thoughts in the comments below. If you want more history they
8:24below. If you want more history they
8:24below. If you want more history they don't teach in school, like this video,
8:27don't teach in school, like this video,
8:27don't teach in school, like this video, subscribe to the channel, and turn on
8:29subscribe to the channel, and turn on
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8:31notifications so you never miss the untold stories of history. Thanks for
8:33untold stories of history. Thanks for
8:33untold stories of history. Thanks for watching.
8:34watching.
8:34watching. Until next time, keep questioning the
8:36Until next time, keep questioning the
8:36Until next time, keep questioning the maps.
